Unraveling the Origins of Psychology: A Historical Perspective from Ancient Times to Today

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 The Origins and History of Psychology

A closer look at current psychology through the prism of antiquated ideas and beliefs reveals that many ancient societies contributed to the development of modern psychology. Modern psychology continues to be influenced by the basic problems that ancient philosophers and researchers investigated into human behavior, emotions, and mental processes. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes, or psychology, has a long and varied past dating back thousands of years.

Historical Civilizations: (500 BCE–500 CE)

 Philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, and Epicurus studied the nature of the mind and behavior in ancient Greece. Hippocrates, a Greek physician who lived from 460 BCE, is regarded as one of the pioneers of psychology since he accepted the idea that human conduct was controlled by the "four humors"—blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The Upanishads, a collection of Hindu texts from 800 BCE, addressed the nature of consciousness and the self in ancient India.

Medieval Times (c. 500–1500 CE)

The Catholic Church had a big influence on Western philosophy during the Middle Ages, especially when it came to the study of behavior. The writings of Thomas Aquinas (1225 CE) and Saint Augustine (354 CE) helped to shape theological and philosophical ideas on human nature.

The Modern Period, (1500–1900 CE)

With the introduction of dualism—the idea of a separation between the mind and the body—by René Descartes in 1596 CE, the modern era of psychology started to take shape. Philosophers like Wilhelm Wundt, Johann Friedrich Herbart, and Immanuel Kant established the foundation for contemporary psychology in the 18th and 19th centuries. Modern scientific psychology began when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.

The 20th century (CE 1900–2000)

Many psychological schools emerged in the 20th century, such as

• Structuralism (Edward Titchener)
• Functionalism (William James's) 
• Behaviorism (B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson)
• Clinical psychology (Sigmund Freud)
• Carl Rogers' Humanistic Psychology
• Understanding Cognition (Ulric Neisser)

Over the course of the 20th century, psychological theories, research techniques, and applications continued to advance.

Modern Psychology: (2000 CE)

The Present Clinical psychology, counseling psychology, neuropsychology, developmental psychology, and social psychology are just a few of the many subfields that make up the broad study of psychology today. The field of psychology has become even more diversified with the incorporation of technology, neuroscience, and cultural variety.

Finally, it should be noted that the foundations of contemporary psychology are found in antiquated ideas. It is evident that ancient civilizations established the foundation for modern psychological theory when one looks at the historical roots of modern psychology. An indication of the persistent influence of antiquated ideas and views is the ongoing investigation of basic issues of human nature, emotions, and mental processes in contemporary psychology.